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Educating patients on how information sharing reduces costs is essential to developing a free information flow facilitating medical advancements and helping care providers develop more personalized service delivery plans. Patients understanding these benefits are more willing to share medical records with third parties. A report issued by the nonprofit medical association Academy Health states that to decrease costs and increase service quality, insurers and benefactors have instituted new payment models.
The new models include incentives, such as:. The medical community widely reproaches the way insurers disburse funds as the primary cause for high healthcare expenses in the United States. Because many insurers simply pay for services rendered, patient advocates believe traditional models incentivize care providers to deliver quantity rather than quality. Additionally, since care providers receive disbursements directly, they have little reason to work collaboratively with others. This typically results in increased expenses and unsatisfactory patient experiences. New payment models seek to alleviate these problems.
Large organizations, such as Medicare, serve as proving grounds for the new models. The group has dedicated an entire business unit to developing, testing and implementing new payment models to improve patient outcomes and decrease costs. The shared savings model has gathered the most attention among care providers. Many versions of this payment model exist, but accountable care organizations ACOs implement the most noted approach. Under ACOs, healthcare groups assume responsibility for improving patient outcomes and reducing costs.
When they meet these criteria, the participants share the savings produced by their collaboration. This encourages providers to coordinate services and uniformly promote preventive practices. It is a difficult to secure provider participation in the models and monitoring processes. Further complicating the matter is that the new payment models are adjustments, rather than complete overhauls, and measuring return-on-investment proves difficult.
Consequently, truly transformative practices will emerge due to the efforts put forth by the handful of early adopters. As the Internet connected medical device field matures, malicious cyber-attacks will increase. In , the United States government issued a warning that hackers can instruct infusion pumps to deliver lethal medication doses. The disclosure highlighted the possibility that malicious programmers can infiltrate medical devices and harm patients.
Furthermore, hackers use medical devices to infiltrate care provider information networks, performing malicious acts such as stealing research and clinical trial data. Additionally, the administration requires manufacturers to report and repair potential device compromises immediately. To date, hackers have not compromised any medical device and prompted a mortal occurrence. However, cyber security analysts point out an attack against an unprepared care provider will devastate an organization in many ways.
In , almost all large health networks fell victim to cyber breaches with percent of those attacks costing over one million dollars in recovery expenses. Information technology experts suggest that medical organizations carefully consider how they structure proprietary networks. They recommend organizations bear the expense of segregating external consumer medical devices from internal devices on enterprise networks and in effect limit intruder access. A PwC Health Research Institute poll reports that over percent of respondents prefer device security over simplicity. Medical devices engineered without security protocols place patients and healthcare organizations at risk. Organizations implementing technological developments will incur added expenses implementing these precautions.
The medical community will have to borrow many practices from secure industries, such as banking and government organizations. If left unchecked, these ongoing risks may cause legislators to shift from making recommendations to enacting full regulatory medical device security mandates. Patients, insurers and regulators join in lamenting that drug prices have grown exorbitantly. Pharmaceutical manufacturers counter that lower pricing will hinder product development. In the meanwhile, the two groups continue struggling to find a pricing consensus, while consumers struggle to keep up with prescription costs. Under increased governmental pressure, drug makers must now substantiate their pricing. Views Total views.
Actions Shares. No notes for slide. Guidance and counselling 1. Counselling is a part of guidance. Ruth Strang 4. Glenn F. Carl Rogers 5. Alternative solutions are proposed to help understand the problem at hand. To adapt in different stages of development 3. Offering art of better living 4. Proper use of leisure time 5. Holistic personality development 6. Best use of available opportunities 7. Decentralized counselling services The responsibilities of the counselling services is vested upon teachers.
Ingredients of guidance and counselling services 1. The Admission Service Admitting the right candidates for the right course 2. The Student Information Service Assist the student to obtain a realistic picture of his abilities, interests, personality characteristics , achievements, levels of aspiration , state of health, etc. The Placement Service Help students to be in proper scholastic track, to realize their career expectations, organize campus selection interviews, provide information regarding current trends, etc.
The Remedial Service it is mainly oriented towards helping students to improve their study habits, improve their adjustment in the clinical area, reducing stress, etc. Psychological tests The counsellor can see the patient more objectively than the patient himself. Contd… Total views 65, On Slideshare 0. From embeds 0. Number of embeds Downloads 1, Shares 0. This study focused on major ethical issues without providing an exhaustive list. The results were intended for comparison with those of the Canadian study by Breslin and colleagues. The main limitation relates to the ability to generalize the results within or outside Saudi Arabia.
First, the study did not include the smaller underserved rural hospitals that could have revealed another set of ethical issues, although the issue of equity in access to resources was listed among the top five issues. Second, although the study tried to involve non-clinicians, the dominance of Saudi male clinicians in the selected sample could have given the results and conclusions a clinical bias. This also partly explains why no ethical issues dealing with paramedical staff and their relationship with doctors were mentioned.
As the Delphi process was not stratified, the peculiarities of the different settings were blurred. For instance, in this methodology, regional and gender differences and those related to the type of the health facility were indistinct. In addition, it appeared that there was no definite consensus on the meaning of some terms used. Finally, there was also the fact that communication with the participants of the study was basically electronically supported by some phone calls and faxes. Moreover, the modified Delphi model, presented the possibility of some members dominating the discussions in the face-to-face expert meeting. However, the organizers did their utmost to prevent this from happening.
Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: Nil. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. J Family Community Med. Abdulaziz F. Alkabba , 1, 2 Ghaiath M. Hussein , 2 Adnan A. Albar , 3 Ahmad A. Bahnassy , 4 and Mahdi Qadi 5. Ghaiath M. Adnan A. Ahmad A. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Address for correspondence: Dr. Box , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia. E-mail: as. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Background: Despite the relatively high expenditure on healthcare in Saudi Arabia, its health system remains highly centralized in the main cities with its primary focus on secondary and tertiary care rather than primary care. Materials and Methods: The study design was a cross-sectional, descriptive, and qualitative one. Conclusion: Although many of the challenges listed by the participants have received significant public and specialized attention worldwide, scant attention has been paid to these top challenges in Saudi Arabia.
Keywords: Bioethics, ethical issues, ethics priorities, medical ethics. Table 1 Hospitals included from each city and the sample size in each. Open in a separate window. Data collection tools and analysis A modified Delphi process was conducted in three rounds. Limitations of the study This study focused on major ethical issues without providing an exhaustive list. Population by Nationality in Health regions H. Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health.
Health Statistics Book for the year of Saudi Arabia: Ministry of Health. Saudi Arabia: Health Profile. World Health Organization. Health Statistical Year Book. Riyadh: Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia; Top 10 health care ethics challenges facing the public: Views of Toronto bioethicists. BMC Med Ethics. Bankauskaite V, Jakusovaite I. Dealing with ethical problems in the healthcare system in Lithuania: Achievements and challenges. J Med Ethics. J Gen Intern Med. Priority ethical issues in oncology nursing: Current approaches and future directions. Oncol Nurs Forum. Albar MA. Islamic ethics of organ transplantation and brain death.
Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl.
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