⒈ The Birth Order Effect

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HOW BIRTH ORDER CAN SHAPE YOUR PERSONALITY

Family size, and a number of social and demographic variables are associated with birth order and serve as potential confounds. For example, large families are generally lower in socioeconomic status than small families. Hence third-born children are not only third in birth order, but they are also more likely to come from larger, poorer families than firstborn children. If third-born children have a particular trait, it may be due to birth order, or it may be due to family size, or to any number of other variables. Consequently, there are a large number of published studies on birth order that are confounded. Literature reviews that have examined many studies and attempted to control for confounding variables tend to find minimal effects for birth order.

Ernst and Angst reviewed all of the research published between and They also did their own study on a representative sample of 6, young men from Switzerland. They found no substantial effects of birth order and concluded that birth order research was a "waste of time. Contrary to Sulloway's predictions, they found no significant correlation between birth order and self-reported personality. There was, however, some tendency for people to perceive birth order effects when they were aware of the birth order of an individual.

Smaller studies have partially supported Sulloway's claims. Paulhus and colleagues reported that first borns scored higher on conservatism, conscientiousness and achievement orientation, and later borns higher on rebelliousness, openness, and agreeableness. The authors argued that the effect emerges most clearly from studies within families. Results are weak at best, when individuals from different families are compared. The reason is that genetic effects are stronger than birth order effects. Scientists have found that they share many characteristics with firstborn children including being conscientious as well as parent-oriented. In her review of the research, Judith Rich Harris suggests that birth order effects may exist within the context of the family of origin, but that they are not enduring aspects of personality.

When people are with their parents and siblings, firstborns behave differently from laterborns, even during adulthood. However, most people don't spend their adult lives in their childhood home. Harris provides evidence that the patterns of behavior acquired in the childhood home don't affect the way people behave outside the home, even during childhood. Harris concludes that birth order effects keep turning up because people keep looking for them, and keep analyzing and reanalyzing their data until they find them.

Several studies have found that first borns have slightly higher IQ than later borns. Robert Zajonc argued for a "confluence" model in which the lack of siblings experienced by first borns exposes them to the more intellectual adult family environment. This predicts similar increases in IQ for siblings who next-oldest sibling is at least five years senior. These children are considered to be "functional firstborns".

The theory further predicts that firstborns will be more intelligent than only children, because the latter will not benefit from the "tutor effect" i. In a metanalysis, Polit and Falbo found that firstborns, only children, and children with one sibling all score higher on tests of verbal ability than later-borns and children with multiple siblings. Resource dilution theory RDT suggests that siblings divert resources from each other. The metanalysis, however, found no such effect. Additional claims have been made, for instance that siblings compete for parental affection and other resources via academic achievement balancing out confluence effects. The claim that firstborns have higher IQ scores has been disputed. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth show no relationship between birth order and intelligence.

The fraternal birth order effect is the name given to the theory that the more older brothers a man has, the greater the probability is that he will have a homosexual orientation. There seems to be no effect on sexual orientation in women, and no effect of the number of older sisters. Miller suggests that the birth order effect on homosexuality may be a by-product of an evolved mechanism that shifts personality away from heterosexuality in laterborn sons. Evolution may have favored biological mechanisms prompting human parents to exert affirmative pressure toward heterosexual behavior in earlier-born children: As more children in a family survive infancy and early childhood, the continued existence of the parents' gene line becomes more assured cf.

More recently, this birth order effect on sexuality in males has been attributed to a very specific biological occurrence. As the mother gives birth to more sons, she is thought to develop an immunity to certain male-specific antigens. This immunity then leads to an effect in the brain that has to do with sexual preference. Yet this biological effect is seen only in right-handed males. If not right-handed, the number of older brothers has been found to have no prediction on the sexuality of a younger brother.

This has led researchers to consider if the genes for sexuality and handedness are somehow related. Not all studies, including some with large, nationally representative samples, have been able to replicate the fraternal birth order effect. Some did not find any statistically significant difference in the sibling composition of gay and straight men; [26] [27] this includes the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health , [28] the largest U. Furthermore, at least one study, on the familial correlates of joining a same-sex union or marriage in a sample of two million people in Denmark , found that the only sibling correlate of joining a same-sex union among men was having older sisters, not older brothers. So, for example, if a baby girl is born after three boys, her name would be Moonaga 4th born, female as she is the fourth child within the family.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Younger brother disambiguation. For the J. Cole song, see Middle Child. The American Psychologist. PMID Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. People can also order certified copies of marriage and civil union certificates. Find out how to order a copy of a divorce certificate or a certificate dissolving a civil union in Vermont. The EDRS has increased efficiency in the death reporting process, reducing the time it takes to finalize a death record from 38 days to just four days.

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